add migration path for postcodes

docs/Migration.md

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+Database Migrations
+===================
+
+This page describes database migrations necessary to update existing databases
+to newer versions of Nominatim.
+
+SQL statements should be executed from the postgres commandline. Execute
+`psql nominiatim` to enter command line mode.
+
+3.0.0
+-----
+
+### Postcode Table
+
+A new separate table for artificially computed postcode centroids was introduced.
+Migration to the new format is possible but **not recommended**.
+
+ * create postcode table and indexes, running the following SQL statements:
+
+       CREATE TABLE location_postcode
+         (place_id BIGINT, parent_place_id BIGINT, rank_search SMALLINT,
+          rank_address SMALLINT, indexed_status SMALLINT, indexed_date TIMESTAMP,
+          country_code varchar(2), postcode TEXT,
+          geometry GEOMETRY(Geometry, 4326));
+       CREATE INDEX idx_postcode_geometry ON location_postcode USING GIST (geometry);
+       CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_postcode_id ON location_postcode USING BTREE (place_id);
+       CREATE INDEX idx_postcode_postcode ON location_postcode USING BTREE (postcode);
+       GRANT SELECT ON location_postcode TO "www-data";
+
+ * add postcode column to location_area tables with SQL statement:
+
+       ALTER TABLE location_area ADD COLUMN postcode TEXT;
+
+ * reimport functions
+
+       ./utils/setup.php --create-functions --enable-diff-updates --create-partition-functions
+
+ * create appropriate triggers with SQL:
+
+       CREATE TRIGGER location_postcode_before_update BEFORE UPDATE ON location_postcode
+         FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE postcode_update();
+
+ * populate postcode table (will take a while):
+
+       ./utils/setup.php --calculate-postcodes --index --index-noanalyse
+
+This will create a working database. You may also delete the old artificial
+postcodes now. Note that this may be expensive and is not absolutely necessary.
+The following SQL statement will remove them:
+
+    DELETE FROM place_addressline a USING placex p
+     WHERE a.address_place_id = p.place_id and p.osm_type = 'P';
+    ALTER TABLE placex DISABLE TRIGGER USER;
+    DELETE FROM placex WHERE osm_type = 'P';
+    ALTER TABLE placex ENABLE TRIGGER USER;
+